Enucleation of the prostate: An anatomical perspective

Among transurethral surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), anatomical endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (AEEP) differs from conventional transurethral surgery as it adopts the same enucleation principle as open surgery. AEEP is known as an effective and safe surgical method. However, the learning curve is steep because the surgical anatomy is different from that of conventional transurethral surgery. If information on surgical anatomy related to enucleation is enriched and surgical standardisation is achieved, the learning curve will be shortened and AEEP will become more widespread. The concept of AEEP has been developed based on the surgical techniques obtained from holmium laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP). The original surgical technique of HoLEP is a three-lobe technique. At the 12 o'clock position at the prostatic apex, the boundary of the prostate capsule is unclear. Separating anterior prostatic tissue from the prostatic capsule while preserving the sphincter in the apical area is one of the biggest challenges in AEEP. During the AEEP procedure, an accurate understanding of the surgical anatomy of the capsular plane, bladder neck, apical sphincteric area and blood vessels is important. In this article, literature on the anatomy related to enucleation in AEEP, mainly HoLEP, is reviewed and discussed.     

Protective potential of epigallocatechin-3-gallate against benign prostatic hyperplasia in metabolic syndrome rats

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a major catechin in green tea with functions of antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and attenuating metabolic syndrome. In this study, rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) accompanied with metabolic syndrome was induced by fed on high-fat diet for 12 weeks combined with testosterone injection (10 mg/kg/d) from 9th to 12th weeks. EGCG was orally given from 9th to 12th weeks. Finally, the levels of glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, prostate weight, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant enzymes, and prostatic expression of IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) were evaluated. It was found that EGCG significantly decreased the levels of glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, IGFs, and inflammatory cytokines, normalized the activities of antioxidant enzymes, as well as increased the prostatic expression of IGFBP-3 and PPARs. These results indicated that EGCG was able to exert anti-BPH activities in metabolic syndrome rats.     

Obesity exacerbates imiquimod‐induced psoriasis‐like epidermal hyperplasia and interleukin‐17 and interleukin‐22 production in mice

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that is accompanied by an imbalance between the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. A number of studies have suggested an association between obesity and severe psoriasis; however, it remains to be clarified whether obesity exacerbates psoriasis. To address this unsolved question, we induced psoriasiform dermatitis in mouse models for obesity. We found that obesity exaggerated the severity of psoriasiform dermatitis induced by topical application of the Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 7 agonist, imiquimod. Ear swelling and epidermal hyperplasia were more prominent in the obese mice than in the control mice. When compared to imiquimod‐treated control mice, imiquimod‐treated obese mice expressed higher levels of psoriasis mediators, interleukin‐17A (IL‐17A) and IL‐22 in the skin. Food intake restriction partially abrogated enhanced ear swelling and cytokine overproduction in obese mice. Furthermore, the obesity environment and imiquimod treatment synergistically induced an IL‐17A downstream molecule, regenerating islet‐derived 3γ (Reg3γ), which is a critical molecule for psoriatic epidermal hyperplasia. Palmitic acid, one of the fatty acids released by subcutaneous adipocytes, increased the expression of REG3A (a human homologue of mouse Reg3γ) in both the HaCaT keratinocyte cell line and normal human keratinocytes. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that obesity exacerbates psoriasiform dermatitis in mice by upregulating IL‐17A, IL‐22 and Reg3γ.     

Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma with pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia: a report of three cases

We report three cases of desmoplastic trichoepithelioma (DTE) with overlying pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia. All three cases developed on the face of patients in their second decade. In spite of their young age, a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was considered for each case, given the unusual juxtaposition of these two well‐known simulators of malignancy. Awareness of this potential association may avert a misdiagnosis of malignancy.     

精准化护理对经尿道前列腺气化切除术治疗前列腺增生患者的影响

目的 观察分析精准化护理对经尿道前列腺气化切除术治疗前列腺增生患者的影响。 方法 回顾分析2016年1月至2018年12月在海安市中医院行经尿道前列腺气化切除术治疗前列腺增生的82例患者的临床护理资料，其中41例进行常规护理，为对照组；41例进行精准化护理，为观察组。对比两组患者前列腺症状的改善情况（IPSS评分）、生活质量（QOL）评分、术后并发症发生率以及护理满意度。 结果 观察组IPSS评分、QOL评分以及住院时间皆少于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；观察组并发症的发生率为17.07%，对照组为46.34%，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；观察组的护理满意度为95.12%，对照组为75.61%，差异也有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 采取精准化护理，能有效促进经尿道前列腺气化切除术后患者的术后恢复，降低并发症的发生率，提高患者的生活质量以及护理满意度。     

泪腺良性淋巴上皮病变的病理特点及IgG4和C3的表达

目的　探讨IgG4和C3在泪腺良性淋巴上皮病变发生发展中的作用。方法　收集2010年7月至2018年5月就诊于承德医学院附属医院眼科、解放军总医院眼科15例（15眼）泪腺良性淋巴上皮病变患者的泪腺肿物为试验组，10例（10眼）因其他疾病而行眶内容物摘除术的正常泪腺组织标本为对照组。采用HE染色法观察2组泪腺病理形态学变化及其组织病理学特点，采用免疫组织化学染色法检测2组泪腺组织中IgG4、C3的表达，并对二者表达相关性进行分析。结果　HE染色结果显示，对照组泪腺由正常腺泡及导管组成，导管上皮细胞排列整齐，细胞结构清晰，其间有少量的淋巴细胞；试验组泪腺组织中可见大量淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润，淋巴滤泡形成，其间可见上皮-肌上皮岛结构改变，同时伴有不同程度纤维化。IgG4在试验组阳性表达面积为（30 934.80±16 057.17）像素，对照组阳性表达面积为（325.42±204.43）像素，试验组中明显高于对照组（t=-7.38，P=0.000）；C3在试验组阳性表达面积为（43 169.49±33 206.60）像素，对照组阳性表达面积为（323.24±271.29）像素，试验组中明显高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（t=-5.00，P=0.000）。试验组中IgG4与C3表达无相关性（r=-0.137，P=0.671）。结论　泪腺良性淋巴上皮病变患者的泪腺发生了明确的病理改变，这可能与IgG4和C3在泪腺中的高表达有关。     

良性前列腺增生与前列腺慢性炎症的相关性研究进展

良性前列腺增生（BPH）是老年男性常见的泌尿系统疾病，其发病与前列腺慢性炎症之间存在显著相关。感染因子、尿液返流、代谢综合征、衰老过程和自身免疫应答在内的几种刺激，通过相应分子途径引起前列腺免疫细胞的组织定位和组成成分发生广泛改变，从而导致免疫系统失调，之后引发的组织损伤和缓慢愈合，导致了BPH发生和进展。本文通过总结良性前列腺增生与前列腺慢性炎症的相关性的临床研究结果，前列腺免疫细胞在病理生理机制层面与前两者之间的内在联系，以及抗炎药物对BPH-LUTS的干预作用，以其为BPH-LUTS的药物研发提供参考。